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Transposição do Rio São Francisco
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Transposition of the River San Francisco
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TRANSPOSIÇÃO-UMA CARTESIAN ANALYSIS
Manoel Bomfim Ribeiro

SYNTHESIS:
This work shows the real picture of the Transposition, as everything occurred since the beginning and the underground reasons that lead to the execution of this mega-workmanship that, in nothing, will decide the problems hídrico of Brazilian Half-Barren. Esta região já possui um grande manancial de água construído pela tenacidade do homem do Nordeste. Only one great powerful e is a great cube of 37 kilometers cubical of water stored in the thousands of reservoirs spread for all the quadrants of Half net of expositories to take this water to all the hiddings place of this great region. This net already started, lacking so only to endowments and resources for the aceleramento of the workmanships. These expositories independem of the canal of the Transposition because the waters already are accumulated in its reservoirs

Were in the year of 1820 that D. João VI, receiving information historical from the arrasadoras droughts of century XVIII, more necessarily of the great drought of 1777/1779, imagined solutions to brighten up the suffering of the populations northeast Brazilian. Intermittent rivers and streams, Jaguaribe, Piranhas, Açu, Potí, Pirangí Acaraú, Curu, Vasa Barrels, Ship, as much and as much others were assoberbavam with hibernais rains, overwhelming indômitos and, pouring, total, its waters in the Atlantic and not accumulating no reserve for the subsequent months. To mitigate the headquarters of the populations that increased to each year, one became necessary that these rivers were perenizados. It was easy for D.João VI to imagine, with the few data of that it made use, to perenizar them with waters of the fabuloso San Francisco, an immense river, without no exploitation, incipient navigation and already fishtailing proper Half-Barren. Easy to construct a canal for gravity, without thinking about the topography and the differences of quotas, a true Egg of Columbus. The Imperial Government did not speak in dams, nor tubular wells, things there of the eastern world. Some farmers, however, premidos for the necessities, had been trying to join water randomly, constructing mires and dams in the base of the pure imagination and in accordance with the local conditions, without no executive plan, but its effect had been so prodigious for the surrounding populations that these had been if multiplying e, to the dawn of century XX, had a true running of the society sertaneja to construct dams in its properties. The great farmers, representatives of the agricultural feudalismo, with hand of easy and available workmanship, had started to use to advantage the rendilhado one of the intermittent streams all, so common in the northeast relief. They chose, for intuition, the ombreiras ones more you propitiate for the artisan construction of the reservoirs and carried the materials to bar the ticket of the stream, using itself of 2, 3 or 4 raw leathers of ox, amended ones to the others and dragged for a together one, also, of ox, gradual, they went raising the paramento of the barrage with good width, generally super-dimensionada. Region of cattle, with the leather became everything, doors, windows, chairs, stools, beds, etc, Was the Civilization of the Leather, of that in it says to Capistrano de to them Abreu. The small creators looked for to imitate, in its small farms and fazendolas, the dams that they saw in the great properties. Construíam mires, watery, algibes, everything without no planning, but that it joined water. They had also learned that the Sun was a great bomb of suction, drying the watery ones with much rapidity. The skill was to more sink the basin of the mire, that is, to give to more depth the workmanship, a intuitiva way to save a little of water on the harmful effect of the evaporation.

DAMS ITS FUNCTIONS
When the ruralista society if convinced the importance of the dam as great solution, being late the trip of waters for the sea, feeling its beneficial effect in its properties, saving the cattle although the great estiagens and each farmer attending the benefits in its neighbor, had a true nucleation in the construction of these reservoirs. Um grande envolvimento surgiu nos diversos setores da sociedade, nos órgãos oficiais, prefeituras, governos de estado, governo federal, particulares, todo mundo. Pool was to construct dams. The firms had appeared contractors and in it I begin the work was manual, in the stretcher, in bangüê, troops of jumentos equipped with caixotes carrying material to the construction of the paramentos. The compacting of the massive one was done with the feet of the proper animal. Arduous work, delayed but constant. Later and the contractors they had gradual been if mechanizing with trucks and tractors of blades. Later the motion-screpers, motoniveladoras, touna-pool, foot of sheep, total mechanized etc., firms had appeared already. The dams went appearing of the night for the day, the constructive techniques improved to each new workmanship. Teams of technician searched the hinterland searching the small hidrográficas basins, sazonais and intermittent the streams, determining local propitious and with good ombreiras for the dam construction. He was not of good people who did not have a good dam. Theófilo Guerra, profundo conhecedor do Semi-Árido, dizia: “In the hinterland valley more to leave to the family a good dam of what a rich and beautiful palace”. The dams had appeared of Cooperation that consisted of a participation between the government and the proprietor of the land. It was a great aid to the farmer minimizing, significantly, the terrible effect of the droughts. E the reservoirs if had multiplied and Half-Barren was being dotted of small, average and great hídricos polar regions.
The society sertaneja believed, convictamente, in the dam and pressured, with the example in the field, what the Government had to make. Each constructed dam was one benesse, was a salvation. In that century where the native vegetation still dominated the fields, the cattle was bred in the untied one and a good dam was a great protection for the life in the farm. The politicians, natural representatives of the society, in turn, demanded practical actions of the Government for the construction of reservoirs.
By determination of the Imperial Government the engineers of the Cut had been requested, had come others of Portugal and the surveys technician had started to be elaborated with topographical studies, projects in plane tables, sizings of volume and calculations of stability. The technology in the dam construction if improved, calculations of evaporation indices, hundreds of installed rain gauges determining the precipitation levels, studies of geology for the election of the materials most argillaceous for use in the walls of the workmanships, studies of infiltration and retention of waters in the ground, “run-of”, that is, the index of draining of waters of surface in talvegues of the streams.
We leave the Civilization of the Leather and enter in the Civilization of the Dam.
In February of 1878 a Commission created for the Government journeyed for some states northeast, mainly for the state of the Ceará and elaborated a minute report recommending:
a) The construction of railroads, the only one half of terrestrial transport of the time. It was not said in highways, did not exist.
b) The construction of 30 dams, having each one the capacity to accumulate a million of cubical meters of water.
c) Installation of meteorological stations
d) the construction of a canal to bind to the river San Francisco to the river Jaguaribe


PERIOD OF the GREAT DAMS

the technician, the measure that had dominated the procedures constructive, had created a true emulation for the dam execution great, having looked for to compete with the greaters of world. In 1936 it was constructed the Coremas dams, then more the water Mother, in the state of the Paraíba, linked between itself for a tunnel of 15 km, totalizing 1,4 billion of cubical meters of water. The Coremas with 720 million m ³ only became the biggest dam of the South American continent.
In the year of 1960 it was the time of the Orós in the Ceará, intercepting the river Jaguaribe, in Government JK, considered the biggest dry river of the World. This dam accumulates 2,5 billion cubical meters, but with the dispersive valve it can accumulate 4 billion. Bigger dam of the World.
In the year of 1983, the minister Mário Andreazza, the father of the great workmanships, constructed, in the Açu, Great River of the North, the Eng dam. Armando Ribeiro Gonçalves, with capacity of 2,4 billion m ³, becoming 2º bigger dam of the World.
In 2003 it was concluded and inaugurated the Castanhão dam in the river Jaguaribe, inaugurated for president Lula and, gone off, the biggest dam of the World, accumulating 6,7 billion m ³, volume equivalent almost the 3 times Bay of the Guanabara and the 44 times the Paranoá, the great lake of Brasilia that brightens up the atmospheric humidity of the Capital of the Republic. The Castanhão, pride of national hydraulical engineering, can be seen of the moon and if one day its waters through systems were distributed expositories. the population of the state of the Ceará would take care of to all. The total outflow of the Valley is of 43,5m ³ /s. (100% of guarantee) In one water méga and hypothetical distribution, the Castanhão would take care of the population of the 3 states that cry out for the Transposition, Ceará, Great River of Norte and Paraíba and still would sobraria much water. Os canais teriam uma quilometragem bem menor que os da Transposição.
E was thus, in this great constructive race, that we arrive, to the end of century XX, with the fantastic number of 70.000 dams (LARAQUE 1989) space spread by all the quadrants of Brazilian Half-Barren. Of this, about 60% they are annual, they do not support two years without new rains, cannot structuralize a property. They are small workmanships constructed in the arm. About 20% they are plurianuais, supporting the normal droughts and not bonanza them. Remains 20%, around 14 the 15,000 dams are Inter-annual supporting the great summer passages, never do not dry, although the great droughts that occur to each 26anos (sinusoide of Fourier). They are the great dams, with rigorous improvement technician and accumulating about 80% of existing waters in Half-Barren, something around 30 billion m ³. Some, with mounted hidrelétricas and many others with irrigation projects. In the majority they are idle, great evaporative mirrors, “true water cemetaries " of that in former Maílson minister of the N3obrega speaks to them to the paraibano economist and, little used to advantage, suffer the drastic effect from the evaporation, but, annually they recover total or partially.

The TRANSPOSITION

the idea, however, to take waters of the San Francisco for the Northeast already was implanted in the head of the men. Nothing better of what seeing all the perenizados rivers. The politicians, in its great majority desired, fought and fight for the Transposition taken more for the simple desire, but almost always without no basement technician.
D. João VI had the innocent idea to take the water for gravity.
In 1847 the Imperial Cut was the time of the Intendant of the Crato to take the problem. The dam construction was starting. In 1830 the Trina Regency authorizeed and constructed the Old dam, excellent workmanship, in the heart of Campina Grande. Until today la´ it is giving to its services the community.
In 1856 the Government authorizeed the first studies of the Transposition. In 1906 the dam of the Cedar in the river Sitiá was concluded, tributary of the Banabuiu of the system Jaguaribe, accumulating 120.000.000 of m ³ of water. In the great drought of 1915 this dam saved thousand of life offering to the flagellates about 270 tons of fish. Everything this sample the importance of dams.
In the year of 1912 the IFOCS made the preliminary studies of the Transposition, but in 1913 eng. Bold Lisbon makes a lecture in the Engineering club of Rio De Janeiro if putting in front the workmanship. It was when the dam construction more gained body. In 1934 the IFOCS already had constructed to 114 great dams accumulating more than 1 billion of m ³. It is observed that in 1878 the Imperial Government authorizeed the construction of 30 dams with capacity of only 1 million each, totalizing 30 million accumulated. Already we were well in the front.
In 1981, the Andreazza minister wanted to make the Transposition, being arrived to install a seedbed of workmanships in Gusts, Petrolina-FOOT. Known for the audacity to execute great workmanships as the River Bridge (civil engineering, concrete) and the Transamazônica (road engineering), it would make the Transposition (hydraulical engineering) in that discretional period, without a protest shout. It lacked resources, was the lost possibility of the Transposition. Transposition now never more. Accurately in the year of 1981 the DNOCS already had constructed to 263 workmanships of açudagem accumulating 12 billion m ³, all well projected ones and with raised security index.
In 1994, the Ministry of the Regional Integration (Aloísio minister Alves) made a sudden pull wanting to lead, whatever the cost, 300m ³ /s of the river San Francisco for the Northern Northeast. It would be one another widely navigable river, well more than Tâmisa in discharge, the biggest river of England. Tamisa has 346 length km. The canal of the Aloísio would have 1000 km, 3 times almost more extensive. It was lost for its hiperbolismo. In this exactly year of 94 the Secretariat of the Presidency of the Republic authorizeed to the Sudene to evaluate Reals necessity of hídricos resources for the Northeast. In this evaluation, the PLIRHINE (Plan of Integrated Exploitation of northeast the Hídricos Resources) concluded that Half-Barren will need, in 2020, of a water consumption of 8 billion /ano m ³ to take care of to all its multiple uses, human supplying, animal dessedentação, industry, agroindústria and irrigation. Inside of the PLIRHINE the Program of Fortalecimento of northeast the Hídrica Infrastructure existed that it more programmed in 1994 71 new dams to be constructed in the 4 units: Ceará 50, R.G. North 3, 7 Paraíba and Pernambuco 11, adding 12 billion m more ³ to already the existing one. In this year of 94 the DNOCS already had constructed to 296 dams accumulating 17 billion m ³ of water and more 622 dams in regimen of cooperation, accumulating more 2 billion m ³, totalizing already 19 billion m ³, volume very beyond the real necessities of Brazilian Half-Barren.
In the year of 2001, a consultation to BIRD made for the Ministry of the National Integration on loan for the Transposition, received a reply negative, advising that bank that if made first the exploitation of existing waters already in Half-Barren. A palmatória cake. For this reason this mega workmanship does not possess external resources.
From 2004 it is history that we know. It had much discrepancy of project how much to the volumes to carry. Of 300m ³ /s had moved for 260, 145 127, 64, 26, and for they go there. One total uncertainty of what they intend, a lack of deepened analysis. Most recent is to carry 64m ³/but the conceived and projected structure is for 127m ³ /s, that is 2.1 billion /ano m ³. Valley to only remember that in one rainy night, with precipitation of 70 mm in one terço of Half-Barren (300,000 km ²) falls down on this surface accurately 2.1 billion m ³ of water, the volume that want to take with work and expenditures in such a way. That is reality, is not sophism. In my book, recently published the POTENTIALITY OF the BRAZILIAN SEMI-ÁRIDO, we detail the ways of the waters that will go to be carried by the canals. They will go to be poured in 8 dams that already 13 billion m withhold ³ of water in its bulges. O total, entretanto, que o Semi-Árido já acumula é de 37 bilhões de m³ de água, que, segundo o Governo, não resolveram o problema hídrico da região. Now, however, it goes to be decided with 2,1 billion. They have the saint patience! That is one confronts the technician of the Country, one total lack of respect to the engineers of Brazil. Until the layperson, until the illiterate it does not understand because 2,10 billion m ³ go to supply 12 million inhabitants and the 37 billion do not supply. Ridicule.
It is said in the sinergia, an addition of competing forces to optimize exploitations, in the case the hídricos resources in question. This wants to say that all the water of dams can be consumed because it comes more. Ocorre que o acréscimo vindo da Transposição não cobre nem a evaporação dos açudes em questão. Para se ter uma idéia , se os 2,10 bilhões fossem totalmente direcionados só para o Castanhão, apenas compensaria a evaporação deste mega açude que é, igualmente, de 2,10 bilhões de m³/ano. Nada mais, esta é a Transposição.
Não fizemos nenhuma abordagem sobre as águas subterrâneas do Semi-Árido que ocupam um grande maciço sedimentar de 30% da sua superfície. São 135 bilhões de m³ de água armazenados no seio da terra e, ainda, quase nada explorados. Haja água!

OBRAS INCONCLUSAS

Uma nova mega-obra, a Transposição, se desenha nos céus do Nordeste brasileiro. É oportuno fazer um retrospecto das inúmeras outras obras que foram iniciadas para benefício desta grande região e, logo após, simplesmente, abandonadas, inconclusas e sem ter culpados. São geralmente abandonadas pelos desígnios de Deus e nunca pela culpa dos governantes. Não há culpados a responder e assim vai o nosso Semi-Árido, na sua imensa grandeza, sendo visto pelo Governo apenas como um incômodo á sua administração. A arrancada inicial é sempre explosiva e hiperbólica, um grande banho de esperanças mil sobre os sertanejos desiludidos. Nós, matutos, já vemos tudo com natural desconfiança. Em seguida, logo mais, os recursos orçamentários são contingenciados, as obras interrompidas e o Governo bate em retirada sem nenhuma cerimônia Novas prioridades surgem, aqueloutras são esquecidas. Não precisamos chegar ás gerações futuras para vê-las abandonadas, a coisa é rápida e tudo ocorre dentro da nossa própria geração. Os fracassos são crônicos, sucessivos e acumulativos.
Para se ter uma real dimensão deste descalabro administrativo vamos aos fatos, que escandalizariam a qualquer governante de um país europeu.
Relacionamos abaixo 21 obras inconclusas e abandonadas no Nordeste, mas o número é bem superior, vejamos.
Estado do Piauí
Tabuleiros Litorâneos - Projeto de Irrigação de 7.244 há. Teve inicio em 1987
Platô de Guadalupe - Projeto de Irrigação de 13817 há
Vale do Gurguéia - Projeto de Irrigação de 12.000 há
Açude Petrônio Portela-Adutora do Garrincha (Abastecimento)
Açude do Genipapo - Adutoras (Abastecimento)
Adutora do Estreito
Adutora do Sudeste-1999
Barragem do Rangel-1998
Barragem dos Piaus-2002
Barragem do Castelo-1988
Adutora do Algodão
Estado do Ceará
Baixo Acaraú -Projeto de Irrigação-5.950 há
Tabuleiro de Russas-2ª etapa-Projeto de Irrigação 10.666 há
Araras Norte-2ª etapa Projeto de Irrigação 1649 há
Jaguaribe-Apodí-2ª etapa Projeto de Irrigação 2.500 há
Barragem do Cedro - Projeto de Irrigação 2350 há (Ano 1906)
Barragem do Castanhão -Projeto de Irrigação 43.000 há-Abastecer Fortaleza e mais 10 cidades.-Geração de energia- 3.800 T/ano de pescado.
Barragem Paulo Pessoa Projeto de Irrigação- 3.500 há (1991)
Barragem do Taquara
Barragem do Granja-45 anos-Iniciado em 1962
Barragem Trussu- Iguatu
Barragem Aurora-Rio Salgado
Estado de Pernambuco
Barragem Serra Talhada- Projeto de Irrigação -5.000 há
Adutora do Oeste-Abastecimento de 43 localidades-230.000 hab-.721 km partindo do rio São Francisco.
Adutora Jucazinho - Abastecimento de Caruaru e mais 18 cidades-700.000 hab.Parte do açude Antonio Gouveia
Adutora do Agreste
Projeto Itaparica -Irrigação -20.000 há- Reassentamento 30.000 hab.margem do rio-20 anos
Orocó- Canal de Irrigação e Abastecimento
Barragem Umburanas em Boa Vista-(amontoado de concreto)
Açude do Rosário- Mun. de Iguaraci -Irrigação
Moxotó -Perímetro Irrigado- Açude Poço da Cruz -Ibimirim -Salinizado (1976)
Custódia- Antigos canais de Irrigação
Adutora do Pajeú -(com tomada em Itaparica)
Pontal-Projeto de Irrigação 10.000 há em Petrolina
ESTADO DA PARAÍBA
Canal da Redenção-37 km -Projeto de Irrigação Várzea do Sousa- 5.000 ha- Iniciado em 1998 a partir de Coremas.Forte questão política
Projeto de Irrigação São Gonçalo de 3.000 há só implantou 1.500 há

CONCLUSÃO

Este é o quadro geral das obras abandonadas e inconclusas no Nordeste brasileiro, uma vergonha e uma afronta á sociedade nordestina que grita por obras estruturais para o seu desenvolvimento pleno. Se os projetos de irrigação estivessem concluídos teríamos mais 300.000 hectares irrigados gerando quase dois milhões de empregos e produzindo cerca de 15 milhões de toneladas de produtos agrícolas por ano, uma grande riqueza para a nossa região. Além do mais estes 300.000 hectares são uma geratriz de grande efeito multiplicador. Surgem cidades, vilas, escolas profissionalizantes, universidades, hotéis, indústrias, comércio especializado, supermercados e tudo mais que exige uma nucleação popular.
A indústria das secas é um fato inerente á vida política da região nordestina tendo como carro chefe o pipa a desfilar pelos nossos sertões sequiosos, onde o chefe político exerce o seu poder sobre a água. Esta indústria vem num crescendo constante com obras de todos os tamanhos, açudes, canais, adutoras, irrigação, obras inconclusas.
Agora é a vez da Transposição, obra inócua e desprovida de significado, pois que o Nordeste setentrional, penhoradamente, agradece e dispensa as águas do rio São Francisco, por total e absoluta falta de necessidade, uma vez que já acumula, somente nos 8 grandes açudes, 13 bilhões de metros cúbicos de água, (5 vezes e meia a baia da Guanabara), exatamente os 8 açudes plurianuais que irão receber os magros 2 bilhões/m³ anuais (127m³/s) aduzidos do canal da Transposição. A evaporação anual dos 13 bilhões é da ordem de 4 bilhões, o dobro da água que vai chegar do rio. Uma irrisão.
Mais ainda, os 3 estados mais ávidos por mais água, Paraíba, Rio Grande do Norte e Ceará já acumulam nos seus imensos reservatórios 26 bilhões de metros cúbicos, 70%das águas reservadas no Semi-Árido brasileiro, 11 vezes as águas da baia da Guanabara. Pela vulnerabilidade deste grande Projeto, numa análise cartesiana, somos levados a pensar que ele não resistirá a uma travessia administrativa e pode morrer na praia.
Até mesmo o Coordenador Geral da Transposição, Rômulo Macedo, ilustre e ilustrado engenheiro, receia que, faltando continuidade administrativa como soe acontecer, esta obra se transforme numa Transamazônica (ISTO È nº 1964), que, como todos sabem, é uma vergonha nacional.
Os dados apresentados aqui são reais, são verdadeiras e nem podiam deixar de ser. Os técnicos sabem e conhecem, mas são áulicos do Governo. O então governador do Rio de Janeiro, Carlos Lacerda já dizia: "O técnico é um profissional fundamental para o desenvolvimento de um país, mas se torna de alta periculosidade quando está a serviço do Governo, porque deixa de defender soluções para aplaudir posições".
Ainda é tempo para reflexões, afim de que esta obra, em breve, não venha a ser o grande Complexo Industrial das Secas e se transforme no grande elefante do reino de Sião, ou seja o maior elefante branco da América do Sul

Artigo publicado no CADERNO CEAS 227, Especial Rio São Francisco, Dezembro 2007

March 20, 2008 | 11:58 PM Comments  0 comments
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